Attachments of Environment and Services Committee

Recreational Water Quality Report: Review of the 2013-14 Season

Attachment 1

1 Introduction

Hawke’s Bay’s coastal waters, freshwater lakes and rivers are frequently used for a range of recreational activities. However, the suitability of these areas for contact recreation can be compromised through contamination by human and animal faecal matter, which may carry harmful, illness-causing pathogens.

To monitor the risk associated with contact recreation, Hawke’s Bay Regional Council (HBRC) undertake an annual Recreational Water Quality Monitoring Programme in collaboration with Territorial Local Authorities (TLAs) and the Public Health Unit of the Hawke’s Bay District Health Board (PHU). Monitoring is carried out at several sites throughout the region to assess the microbiological water quality of areas commonly used for contact recreation. The results are then compared to Ministry for the Environment (MfE) and Ministry of Health (MoH) guidelines (2003).

The aims of the programme are to:

§ Determine the suitability of the coastal, estuarine and freshwater sites for recreational use;

§ Assist in safeguarding public health and the environment;

§ Compare current water quality with that of previous seasons;

§ Provide a baseline for future research;

§ Identify problems and target investigations to those areas requiring mitigation, remediation or further research and development.

1.1 Legislative responsibility

Two main sources of legislation define the monitoring required to assess the water quality of areas used for contact recreation, the Resource Management Act (1991) and the Health Act (1956). The responsibility for overseeing these Acts is shared between Regional Councils, TLAs and the District Health Boards (DHBs). The document ‘Microbiological Water Quality Guidelines for Marine and Freshwater Recreational Areas’, MfE and MoH (2003) outlines how duties may be shared between the agencies involved.

Hawke’s Bay Regional Council has taken responsibility for the monitoring, and undertakes all routine monitoring and the facilitation of follow-up sampling when necessary. The TLAs have responsibility for erecting warning signs and undertaking sanitary surveys when requested by the PHU. The PHU, through its health protection officers and Medical Officer of Health, have responsibility for informing the public; usually through a press release and or location signage when an exceedance of the guidelines has occurred. Updated results are also available from the B4U Swim line, and the HBRC website.

1.2 Faecal Indicator Bacteria

The most common illnesses associated with swimming include gastroenteritis, respiratory illnesses, and skin and ear infections. These illnesses can be caused by a wide range of pathogenic organisms including viruses, bacteria and protozoan species – these include Salmonella, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia (MfE and MoH (2003)). It is not feasible to analyse water samples for these pathogenic organisms. However, these pathogens are associated with enterococci and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria that are specific to the gut of warm-blooded animals. Measurement of the concentration of these indicator bacteria gives an indication of the health risk associated with contact recreation arising from pathogenic organisms.

Samples were analysed for the indicator bacteria enterococci at marine sites. This is because its survival rate in saline waters is higher than for E. coli, providing a better indication of actual bacterial levels and therefore the potential risk. Samples collected at freshwater sites were analysed for the indicator bacteria E. coli. At estuarine or freshwater sites subject to tidal influences, dual testing of indicator bacteria was undertaken. This ensured that the indicator organism appropriately indicated the risk of adverse health effects. Where electrical conductivity readings indicated a freshwater environment (<10,000 µS/cm), the laboratory analysis was conducted for E. coli only, otherwise both E. coli and enterococci levels were measured.

1.3 Guidelines

All sampling and evaluation of results was undertaken in accordance with the ‘Microbiological Water Quality Guidelines for Marine and Freshwater Recreational Areas 2003’ (MfE and MoH). (Table 1-1).

Table‑1-1: Water quality guideline values and indicator organisms used to assess marine and freshwater recreational areas (MfE and MoH, 2003).

	Marine Water	Freshwater	Shellfish gathering waters
Response Level	Enterococci CFU/100 mL	*E. coli* CFU/100 mL	Faecal coliforms CFU/100 mL
	Single Sample	Single sample	(over season)
Surveillance/Green Mode	<140	<260
Alert/Amber Mode	140 - 280	260 - 550
Action/Red Mode	>280*	>550
Seasons results			Median concentration < 14/100 mL and 90% of samples < 43/100 mL

CFU = Colony forming units on an agar plate.

§ Note: Two consecutive samples taken within 24 hrs exceeding 280 enterococci/100 mL are required before action mode is initiated.

When water quality falls within the limits of the ‘surveillance mode’ (the ‘Green’ mode), the risk of contracting an illness from bathing is considered acceptable (MfE and MoH, 2003). If the water quality falls into the ‘Alert/Amber’ category (the ‘Amber’ mode) there is an increased risk of illness, but this risk is also considered acceptable. This result signals to agencies a requirement to conduct follow up sampling of the site to determine whether contamination levels have increased to the ‘Action/Red’ level (the ‘Red’ mode).

If levels of bacteria exceed the levels set out in the ‘Action/Red’ mode, then contact recreation in the water is deemed to pose an unacceptable health risk. At this stage the PHU informs the public of the elevated risk of illness through sign-posting, media releases and/or phone or website.

While freshwater exceedances are assessed for compliance on the result of a single sample, the guidelines require two samples taken within 24 hours to exceed the action level of 280 enterococci CFU/100mL for marine waters. For the purposes of this report we have reported on both:

§ The strict two consecutive sample exceedance protocol; and

§ Single sample exceedances.

It is important to note that health-based risk communication generally adopts a precautionary approach which aims to protect the most vulnerable members of the public.

The recreational shellfish-gathering microbiological guideline values are also obtained from the MfE and MoH Guidelines (2003, section: F). The guidelines state that:

§ the season median faecal coliform concentration should not exceed 14 cfu/100 mL, and that

§ no more than 10% of samples per season should exceed 43 cfu/100 mL.

1.4 Annapolis Protocol and Beach Grading

The MfE and MoH guidelines (2003) use risk-based management of recreational waters. This is done by combining 1) an assessment of the potential inputs of adjacent land use and contaminated water to a site with 2) an assessment of the historical monitoring results (5 years) from the site to generate 3) a ‘Suitability for Recreation Grade’ (SFRG). These grades are described with site specific information in Section 4. They may be used to advise the public of the sites most suitable for swimming and other recreational activities.

2 Recommendations from 2012/2013 and actions

1. Signage could be more descriptive and used when exceedances are present; details on the signs to raise awareness of the monitoring programme and background details on what the bacteriological results mean and how that influences human health.

a. Action: Hawke’s Bay Regional Council and the Public Health Unit have erected a new sign at Clive River, and used an informative layout at Waipatiki Lagoon in 2014. More signage design work is underway for the all exceedances.

2. Faecal sterol analyses to be undertaken at Waipatiki Beach, Puhokio Stream and Clive River, or any other problematic sites during the next season when an opportunity arises, even if rainfall has contributed to the exceedance.

a. Action: Faecal sterol analysis and PCR analysis undertaken at Waipatiki Beach, Waipuka Stream, Opoutama Beach (see results section).

3. Better dissemination of data to public through the website functionality.

a. Action: HBRC is working on a fully rebuilt map and site structure for the 2014/15 season.

3 Methodology

3.1 Sampling

Thirty-six sites within Hawke’s Bay were sampled during the 2013/2014 season. These sites are commonly used for recreational purposes that include swimming, water skiing, rowing, diving, fishing, surfing and shellfish gathering.

Sampling of these sites was undertaken on a weekly basis with the exception of the Clive River and Puhokio Stream sites, which were sampled fortnightly as they have a history of persistently poor water quality and are permanently signposted. Due to a ‘Very Poor’ grading, contact recreation at these sites is discouraged and permanent signs have been erected.

Sampling was scheduled for Monday of each week for a twenty week period over the summer season between November and March. Samples were collected and stored in accordance with the sampling procedures outlined in sections D2 and E2 of the MfE and MoH guidelines (2003) until laboratory analysis. Associated environmental information was collected for each site at the time of sampling, including temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity and the number of people present.

When sample results exceeded guideline values for freshwater sites, the rainfall data for that particular catchment was reviewed. If cumulative rainfall >8 mm was recorded at any of the catchment rainfall station(s) over the preceding 72 hour period, then the exceedance was deemed rainfall related and follow up sampling was not required. Research has shown that bacterial levels return to green mode levels within three days following heavy rain (Stansfield, 2002). Where exceedances were not related to rainfall (<8 mm/72hrs), follow up sampling was conducted. Follow up sampling was conducted for all exceedances in marine waters, regardless of antecedent rainfall in accordance with MfE and MoH guidelines (2003).

The results of the sampling programme are available from the PHU ‘0800 B4U Swim’ telephone line and the ‘B4U Swim’ tab on the HBRC website.

3.2 Sampling sites

Sites monitored under this programme are selected according to several criteria. Each site is either:

§ A popular recreational site;

§ An area classified as ‘Contact Recreation’ under the Regional Coastal Environmental Plan (HBRC, 2008);

§ A site that will provide information useful when determining the state of the environment;

§ A site that will provide data useful for identify trends in coastal, estuarine and fresh water quality; or

§ A site selected in co-operation with the TLAs and the PHU.

Most of these sites are used most heavily over a 2-6 week period around Christmas and New Year. During this period, the size of the adjacent communities can increase by several orders of magnitude, leading to associated water quality issues resulting from overloaded septic tanks.

Figure 1: Hawke's Bay recreational monitoring sites.

3.3 Data analysis

The data derived from the previous seasons’ monitoring were analysed to identify significant trends over time. Although observed bacteria levels may be affected by short-lived flow or weather events, the record is sufficiently long that these events do not significantly affect the long-term average.

Data from all the previous seasons were collated and any follow up samples removed from the dataset. Temporal trend analysis (Mann-Kendal) was carried out using NIWA’s water quality trends software (Time Trends).

Test results were considered significant if they met both of the following criteria:

§ The results were significant at 95% confidence level; and

§ The slope of the line indicated a change greater than 1%/yr in the variable concerned.

3.4 Suitability for Recreation Grade

The Suitability for Recreation Grade (SFRG) describes the general water quality of a site by combining monitoring data (the Microbial Assessment Category (MAC)) with a catchment risk assessment (the Sanitary Inspection Category (SIC)), to produce is a grade which indicates the general state of water quality at the site.

The SFRG grade descriptions can be used to indicate how suitable a site is for contact recreation, as follows [see also MfE & MoH, 2003]:

Very Good – the site has generally excellent microbial water quality and very few potential sources of faecal pollution exist. Water is considered suitable for contact recreation almost all of the time.

Good – the site has water quality considered suitable for contact recreation most of the time. Swimming should be avoided during or following heavy rain.

Fair – the site has water quality generally suitable for contact recreation, but because significant sources of faecal contamination exist, extra care should be taken to avoid swimming during or following rainfall or if signs of pollution, such as discoloured water, odour, or debris in the water exist.

Poor – the site is susceptible to faecal pollution and microbial water quality is not always suitable for contact recreation. During dry weather conditions, ensure that the swimming location is free of signs of pollution, such as discoloured water, odour or debris in the water, and avoid swimming at all times during and for up to three days following rainfall.

Very Poor – the site is very susceptible to faecal pollution and the microbial water quality may often be unsuitable for contact recreation. Swimming at these sites is not recommended.

Follow-Up – a conflict exists between the bacterial levels observed in the MAC, and the risk outlined in the SIC which requires further work e.g. the catchment risk based on the SIC appears low, however the 95% percentile of the observed bacteria levels is high, or the catchment risk is assessed as high but the 95^th% percentile of the observed bacterial levels is low.

3.5 Faecal Source Tracking

In the 2013/2014 season, two sites; Opoutama Beach and Waipuka Stream at Ocean Beach were selected for further investigation based on high readings of faecal indicator bacteria. Additional samples were collected from Opoutama Beach and Waipuka Stream and sent to Environmental Science and Research (ESR) for Faecal Sterol and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analyses.

4 Results

4.1 Northern Region

Mahanga Beach
	Mahanga Beach lies on the north-eastern side of the Mahia Peninsula. There is a small resident population and several holiday baches, however the area is currently expanding, with subdivision occurring inland toward Kaiwaitau Road. At present, the settlement is serviced solely by septic tanks. One public toilet exists. Season summary Mahanga Beach was sampled 20 times this season with 100% of samples in green mode (see Table 1.1).
Description of recreation value Mahanga Beach is a fine grain sand beach with associated dune system. The beach is commonly used for swimming, surfing, fishing and picnicking. Trend in recreational water quality over time There has been no significant change in water quality at this site. The SFRG for this site was upgraded this season from ‘Fair’ to ‘Good’. Previous seasons have seen spikes in indicator bacteria (mostly to alert rather than action levels). Work is programmed to identify the sources of elevated bacteria concentrations should these conditions arise again (see 7.1).

Good	Historical Exceedances
Mahia Beach
	Mahia Beach is a small settlement on the north-western side of Mahia Peninsula. The population of this settlement increases markedly in the summer months. The area is serviced solely by septic tanks, and stormwater drains into the marine area near the boat ramp. The coastal settlement is being connected to a new sewerage system which will irrigate to land. This is due for completion by December 2014. Season summary Mahia Beach was sampled 20 times this season, of which 90% were in green mode (18/20) and 10% (2/20) in red mode (based on single level exceedances). Both exceedances were during periods of heavy rain. No exceedances of the two-consecutive sample protocol occurred.
Description of recreation value Mahia Beach is a long arcing bay of fine white sand and associated dunes. The beach is commonly used for swimming, diving, boat launching and many other beach sports. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated bacteria concentrations are generally observed in the height of the holiday period when individual septic tank systems are subject to pressure, after heavy and prolonged rainfall or both. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site. The SFRG grade remained unchanged this season with a ‘Fair’ rating. It is likely that this grade reflects the history of malfunctioning, overloaded septic tanks in this area, however further work is programmed to determine the source of faecal contamination (see 7.1).

Fair	Historical Exceedances

Te Mahia at boat ramp
	The Te Mahia at boat ramp site lies at the mouth of the Whangawehi Stream. This area is regularly used by the local community for recreational activities as well as being the downstream receiving environment of the largest catchment on the Mahia Peninsula. This catchment includes the forested area that will receive the Mahia community wastewater via land application. Te Mahia at boat ramp was added as a new site in 2010/11. Season summary Te Mahia was sampled 20 times this season of which 90% (18/20) were in green mode, 10% (2/20) in red mode (based on single level exceedances).
Description of recreation value Te Mahia is a sandy estuarine environment with a boat jetty and launch ramp. The channel is used for boating access to the sea. The area is also used for swimming and fishing. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated bacteria concentrations are generally observed in dry weather and after heavy and prolonged rainfall. There was a small but significant trend in the data for water quality improvement. The Interim SFRG for this site is ‘Fair’ an upgrade from last season, although the site has less than 5 years data available.

Fair	Historical Exceedances

Maungawhio Lagoon
	The Maungawhio Lagoon is located on the northern side of Mahia Peninsula. The estuary is formed at the mouth of the Kopuawhara River. The lagoon has been identified as a significant area in Hawke’s Bay's Regional Coastal Environment Plan, and is important for fish spawning, breeding and roosting of water birds. Maungawhio Lagoon is also monitored for the impacts on water quality that may compromise consumption of shellfish. There is a freedom camping site here with a public toilet and changing room. Season summary Maungawhio Lagoon was sampled 20 times this season of which 85% (17/20) were in green mode, 10% (2/20) in amber mode and the remaining 5% (1/20) in red mode (based on single level exceedances). No exceedances of the two-consecutive sample protocol occurred.
Description of recreation value The lagoon has a sand bar and large sand flats with a raised barrier dune system. The area is regularly used for swimming, picnicking, fishing and shellfish gathering. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated bacteria concentrations are generally observed after heavy rainfall. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site. The SFRG has an interim result of ‘Very Poor’. Only an interim result has been able to be achieved at this time, as the indicator was changed from E. coli to enterococci in 2010, reflecting the sites more saline properties. Irrespective, further work is programmed to determine the source of faecal contamination (see 7.1).

Very Poor	Historical Exceedances

Opoutama Beach
	Opoutama Beach is located on the north-eastern side of the Mahia Peninsula at the opposite end of the bay from Mahia beach. The beach supports a wide range of recreational activities in the summer months. There is a resident community around the Opoutama stream, and on neighbouring lifestyle blocks. Subdivision of the former campsite is continuing. The Opoutama Stream runs into the western side of the beach, draining a small catchment mainly in agricultural land-use. Season summary Opoutama Beach was sampled 20 times this season of which 90% (18/20) of samples were in green mode, 10% (2/20) in red mode due to heavy rainfall within the catchment (based on single level exceedances). No exceedances of the two-consecutive sample protocol occurred.
Description of recreation value Opoutama Beach is a fine grain sandy beach and dune system. There is a freedom camping site in the car park with a public toilet and picnic area. The site is commonly used for swimming, surfing, fishing and picnicking. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated bacteria concentrations are generally observed in the height of the holiday period when individual septic tank systems are subject to pressure, after heavy and prolonged rainfall, or both. There was no significant change in water quality at this site from previous seasons. The SFRG has been downgraded this season to ‘Poor’ based on an increase in the Sanitary Inspection Category (SIC) from moderate to high, and a change in the Microbiological Assessment Category (MAC =water quality results) from C to D. Further work is programmed to determine the source of faecal contamination (see next page and 7.1).

Poor	Historical Exceedances

Case Study: Opoutama Beach – Faecal Source Tracking

Opoutama Beach

Opoutama Beach lies at the south-western edge of the Mahia Isthmus. Bordered by a mix of grazing, native and exotic vegetation and a small coastal settlement, Opoutama’s Suitability for Recreation Grade (SFRG) has fluctuated from ‘Poor’ (2007) to ‘Good’ (2009 and 2010) and back to ‘Poor’ in the current year. The primary reason for the grade changes has been changes in the 95^thpercentile percentile of indicator bacteria counts for the previous five years, from 520 cfu/100mL in 2007 (Grade D) to 165 cfu/100mL in 2010 (Grade B). This highlights the influence that a few high counts can have on the microbiological assessment category, and therefore the SFRG for a site.

Given the conflict between the water quality results and the recreational value held for the area, and that a ‘Poor’ grading is unusual for Hawke’s Bay’s exposed open coastal beaches, this site was selected for further investigation into the source of contaminants entering the Opoutama Beach area, and potential management options.

During the 2013/14 season, samples were collected for faecal source tracking using faecal sterol and PCR marker analyses. Samples were collected on the 11^th February, 2014 following a rainfall related enterococci count of 1050 cfu/100mL (action level guideline = 280cfu/100mL), when more than 82.5mm rain fell at Kopuawhara. This exceedance follows an earlier rainfall related exceedance of 1400 cfu/100mL enterococci on 27^th January, 2014. Samples were sent to ESR Christchurch for analysis.

Both samples were dominated by enterococci from ruminant sources . Ruminant animals include cattle, sheep, deer and goats, all of which are likely to be present in the Opoutama catchment.

Further sampling is being completed outside the normal monitoring season to validate the results of the initial sample. Work is also being undertaken with the Land Management section of Hawke’s Bay Regional Council to identify potential management solutions within this catchment.

Figure 4-1: Opoutama Beach 2005

Recreational Water Quality Report: Review of the 2013-14 Season

Attachment 1

Wairoa River
	The Wairoa River sample site is located on the ski club boat ramp upstream of the town bridge. The predominant land use within the catchment is agricultural with sheep/beef farming and some dairying. There are several discharges into the river, with Frasertown Meats located upstream of the sampling site and downstream discharges including Affco Wairoa and the municipal sewage discharge. several stormwater drains also flow into the river, and both active and closed landfills are located near the mouth of the river. Season summary Wairoa River was sampled 20 times this summer of which 90% (18/20) were in green mode, and 10% (2/20) in red mode. Both red mode exceedances were rainfall related.
Description of recreation value The Wairoa River site is located on the boat ramp of the ski club. The river provides calm water for skiers, rowers and other water sports. There is also a rowing club, which benefits from long stretches of flat water. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated bacteria levels are generally observed after heavy and prolonged rainfall. There was no significant change in water quality at this site. The SFRG was downgraded this season to ‘Very Poor’ based on an increase in the Sanitary Inspection Category (SIC) from moderate to high. This was based on the number of discharge points, and the highest 95^thpercentile for indicator bacteria.	The data point not on the seasonal graph (January 20^th) below had a result of: TNTC (Too numerous to count). However under laboratory standards a discrete number cannot be assigned to plot.

Very Poor	Historical Exceedances

Lake Tutira
	Lake Tutira is the second largest lake in Hawke’s Bay, located approximately 50km north of Napier. The surrounding land use is predominantly sheep/beef farming and some forestry. It is a popular camping and holiday area throughout the summer period. Cyanobacteria (blue-green) algae are present in the lake and these can bloom rapidly. Cercarial dermatitis (Duck itch) is also present; there is permanent signage at the lake warning lake users of the water quality issues. Season Summary Lake Tutira was sampled 20 times this season 80% (16/20) of which were in green mode, 5% (1/20) in amber mode and the remaining 15% (3/20) were in red mode. All three red mode exceedances were rainfall related.
Description of recreation value Lake Tutira is a designated country park, with a walking track around the shoreline. The lake is regularly used for canoeing, swimming, trout fishing and boating. There are several picnic areas and a popular campground. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated bacteria levels are generally observed after rainfall, when surface water runoff from adjacent farmland drains into the lake. High numbers of birds around the sampling area may contribute to elevated bacteria levels. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site. The SFRG remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Very Poor’.

Very Poor	Historical Exceedances

4.2 Central Region

Waipatiki Beach
	Waipatiki Beach is a small cliff-bound beach located approximately 20 km north of Napier. There is a small permanent community and holiday baches, and a popular campground. The area is currently being developed, and a community sewage treatment system was installed in 2006. The Waipatiki Stream has a steep pastoral and forested catchment with a lagoon behind the beach in the lower catchment which discharges into the coastal environment. Season Summary Waipatiki Beach was sampled 20 times this season 100% (20/20) of which were in green mode.
Description of recreation value Waipatiki beach is a medium sand beach that is commonly used for swimming, surfing, diving and other beach sports. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated bacteria levels are generally not observed at this site. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site. The SFRG has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Good’.

Good	Historical Exceedances
Waipatiki Lagoon
	Waipatiki Lagoon is at the mouth of the Waipatiki Stream. During normal flows the mouth of the lagoon is at the southern end of Waipatiki Beach however during low flows the mouth of the lagoon may become closed, restricting water flow. The Waipatiki Stream has a steep pastoral and forested catchment. Season summary Waipatiki Lagoon was sampled 20 times this season 80% (16/20) of which were in green mode, 10% (2/20) in amber mode and the remaining 10% (2/20) in red mode. The data point not on the seasonal graph below had a result of: TNTC (Too numerous to count), however under laboratory standards cannot be assigned a discrete number to plot. The two red mode exceedances were rainfall related.
Description of recreation value Waipatiki Lagoon is a sandy and partly vegetated area. The lagoon is commonly used for swimming and is especially popular for children. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated bacteria levels are generally observed after heavy and prolonged rainfall, when increased surface water runoff enters the stream that discharges into the Lagoon. There was a significant trend in the data, indicating an improvement in water quality. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Very Poor’. Faecal source tracking was undertaken in 2012/2013 and highlighted wildfowl as significant contributors of faecal contamination in this system.

Very Poor	Historical Exceedances

Esk River
	The Esk River is located along the Napier-Taupo highway in the Esk Valley, 15 minutes’ drive from Napier. The surrounding land use is predominantly sheep/beef farming with some orchards and forestry. A piggery is also located upstream of the site. The immediate area surrounding the sample site comprises a park maintained by Hastings District Council which includes a public toilet on the reserve. Season Summary Esk River was sampled 20 times this season 85% (17/20) of which were in green mode, 5% (1/20) in amber mode and the remaining 10% (2/20) in red mode. The data point not on the seasonal graph below had a result of: TNTC (Too numerous to count), however under laboratory standards cannot be assigned a discrete number to plot.
Description of recreation value The river is regularly used for canoeing, swimming and trout fishing. There are several picnic areas and a children’s playground. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated bacteria levels are generally observed after heavy and prolonged rainfall, when surface water runoff from adjacent farmland drains into the river. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site. The SFRG remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Fair’.	All exceedances were rainfall related.

Fair	Historical Exceedances

Recreational Water Quality Report: Review of the 2013-14 Season

Attachment 1

Pandora Pond
	Pandora Pond is a small sheltered area of Ahuriri Estuary that is partially separated from the main estuary by a sand spit. It is close to Napier and the area adjacent to the pond has been extensively developed, encouraging increasing use. There are several stormwater and industrial discharges into the Ahuriri Estuary adjacent to Pandora Pond. Season Summary Pandora Pond was sampled 20 times this season of which 100% (20/20) were in green mode.
Description of recreation value Pandora Pond is frequently used for recreational activities such as swimming, kayaking, rowing and sailing. Practice of waka ama is increasing, and there is now a storage facility there for the local club. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated levels of bacteria can infrequently occur after heavy and prolonged periods of rain. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site. While Pandora Pond has previously had an interim grading it now has sufficient data to become standardised. The SFRG has remained at ‘Fair’.

Fair	Historical Exceedances

Hardinge Road Beach
	The beach at Hardinge Road is close to Napier City, and several cafes and shops now border the area. The site is a central location for summer recreation with many visitors daily. The beach is adjacent to the entrance to the Inner Harbour and the Port of Napier. Season Summary Hardinge Road Beach was sampled 20 times this season 95% (19/20) of which were in green mode, while the remaining 5% (1/20) were in red mode (based on single level exceedances). No exceedances of the two-consecutive sample protocol occurred.
Description of recreation value Hardinge Road Beach comprises a coarse sand and pebble mixture, with a grass-covered dune. Multiple facilities surround the beach including a children’s playground, beachfront boardwalk and restaurants. The beach is used for swimming, snorkelling and beach sports. Trend in recreational water quality over time Although water quality at this site has generally complied with guideline values, elevated bacteria may occur infrequently following rain events. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this year with a grading of ‘Good’.

Good	Historical Exceedances

Marine Parade
	This site is located adjacent to Marine Parade in Napier, in front of the Pacific Surf Club flagged area. Due to the proximity to metropolitan and residential areas of the city it has been added to the monitoring programme in 2011 as a permanent site. The site experiences a high number of bathers throughout the summer. Season Summary Marine Parade Beach was sampled 20 times this season 100% (20/20) of which were in green mode.
Description of recreation value Marine Parade Beach comprises a coarse greywacke pebble beach. The beach has a steep drop off and swimming within the flagged area is recommended. There is a coastal pathway, public toilet, bike hire shop and salt water pool complex next to the site. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated levels of bacteria can occur infrequently after prolonged heavy rainfall events. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. Marine Parade has an interim grading (<5yrs data) of ‘Good’.

Good	Historical Exceedances

Tutaekuri River
	The Tutaekuri River site is close to Napier and accessed via the end of Guppy Road in Taradale. During the summer months it is a popular bathing spot. The river drains a predominantly agricultural catchment, with some intensive horticultural activities in the lower reaches. Season Summary Tutaekuri River was sampled 20 times this season 95% (19/20) of which fell within green mode, 5% (1/20) in amber mode.
Description of recreation value The Tutaekuri River is a relatively low flow river which is used by families for swimming. The river hosts a variety of users, including motor bikers, walkers, cyclists and swimmers. One of the Hawke’s Bay cycle ways goes along the stop bank and there is a bike park upstream from the site. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated bacteria concentrations generally follow rain events at this site, during which surface runoff from the catchment transport bacteria to the river. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged with a grading of ‘Fair’.

Fair	Historical exceedances

Ngaruroro River
	The Ngaruroro River at Chesterhope Bridge site is located between Napier and Hastings on Pakowhai Rd. The Ngaruroro catchment is predominantly agricultural and is used for intensive horticulture in the lower reaches. The river is a popular bathing spot during the summer for locals from Napier and Hastings. Season Summary Ngaruroro River at Chesterhope Bridge was sampled 20 times this season 85% (17/20) of which were in green mode, 15% (3/20) in amber mode and are considered rainfall related.
Description of recreation value The Ngaruroro River is bordered largely by grassy flats with good access by car. Beside the bridge there is a deep swimming hole. There are many access points to the river along this run, which provides great family picnicking and swimming areas. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated concentrations of bacteria generally follow rain events when increased surface runoff enters into the river from the surrounding catchment. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged with a grading of ‘Fair’.

Fair	Historical exceedances

Tukituki River at Black Bridge
	The Tukituki River at Black Bridge site is located at Haumoana. The large catchment of the Ruataniwha Plains is utilised for pastoral agriculture, horticulture and viticulture. The river enters an estuarine environment at Haumoana. The sampling site at Black Bridge is regularly used for swimming, fishing and other recreational activities. Season Summary Tukituki River at Black Bridge was sampled 20 times this season 90% (18/20) of which were in green mode, 10% (2/20) in red mode.
Description of recreation value The Tukituki River is widely used for swimming and fishing. A Hawke’s Bay cycle way goes along the stop bank and grassy flat areas are present for picnicking. This reach of the river is used extensively for white baiting during the season. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated concentrations of bacteria generally follow rain events, when increased surface runoff enters the river from the surrounding catchment. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time in trend testing, however the SFRG for this site was downgraded to ‘Poor’ this season based on a change in the Microbiological Assessment Category (MAC) from C to D grade. See table 6.2 for an explanation of the relevance of this change.	Note log₂ concentration scale

Poor	Historical exceedances

Clive River at SH2 Bridge
Description of recreation value The river is used for rowing, water skiing, jet skiing and fishing. There is a free camping site and picnic tables.	The Clive River at SH2 Bridge site is downstream of the road bridge at the boat ramp. The area includes a large body of relatively calm water that hosts many different user groups. This site is sampled fortnightly as it is permanently signposted. The catchment is characterised by pastoral, horticultural, viticultural, industrial and urban land use. The river is the main receiving environment for stormwater from Hastings City and Havelock North. Season Summary Electrical conductivity measurements are used to determine the indicator bacteria used on the day of sampling. The Clive river is sampled fortnightly. On days when E. coli were used (<10,000 µS/cm), 70% (7/10) were in green mode and 30% (3/10) in amber mode. The graph shows only the E. coli results to display the most sampled indicator however there was also an enterococci exceedance on the 27^th Jan 2014.
Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated concentrations of bacteria generally occur after rain events, during which increased surface runoff enters the river from the surrounding catchment. There was no significant trend in the data for this site. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Very Poor’. Further work has been identified for this site (see 7.2) to determine sources of high bacterial counts.

Very Poor	Historical exceedances

Maraetotara Lagoon
	The Maraetotara River passes through predominantly pastoral land to enter the coast via the Maraetotara Lagoon at Te Awanga. The Te Awanga camping ground is situated beside the northern embankment of the lower Maraetotara River, and the sample site is beside the main car park. Te Awanga is popular due to its diverse coastal features and close proximity to the Cape Kidnappers gannet colony. Season Summary Maraetotara Lagoon was sampled 20 times this season of which 90% (18/20) were in green mode, 10% (2/20) in Amber mode.
Description of recreation value Maraetotara Lagoon is a calm estuarine barrier lake with a small outflow. The area is commonly used by families, and is popular throughout the summer for swimming and kayaking. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated concentrations of bacteria generally follow rain events, which increase surface runoff from the surrounding catchment. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of Poor.

Poor	Historical exceedances

Te Awanga Beach
	The Te Awanga site is located adjacent to the Maraetotara Lagoon and has been included in the sampling programme to reflect the high number of users at this locality. It has a recognised surf break that at times attracts large numbers of surfers. The site has a reef environment as well as being the discharge point for the Maraetotara River. Season Summary Te Awanga Beach was sampled 20 times this season 90% (18/20) of which were in green mode, and 10% (2/20) in amber mode (based on single level exceedances). No exceedances of the two-consecutive sample protocol occurred.
Description of recreation value Te Awanga is a coarse gravel/pebble beach with sparse patches of sand. There is a sub-tidal reef beyond the point that generates surf. Other sporting activities enjoyed here are boating, kayaking, swimming and fishing. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated concentrations of bacteria generally follow rain events, during which increased flow from Maraetotara lagoon discharges into the coastal area. There was no significant trend in the data for this site. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Fair’.

Fair	Historical exceedances

Ocean Beach
	Ocean Beach is south of Cape Kidnappers. The beach is popular due to its largely unmodified coastal environment and proximity to Napier and Hastings. The Waipuka Stream discharges into the southern end of the beach. The beach has a small community of baches which are serviced by individual septic tanks. Samples at this site are taken in the main swimming area, immediately in front of the surf lifesaving tower. Season Summary Ocean Beach was sampled 20 times this season 100% (20/20) of which were in green mode.
Description of recreation value Ocean Beach is a sand beach with a nationally important dune structure that stretches north east to Cape Kidnappers. The beach is popular throughout the summer and there are weekend lifeguard patrols from November until March. Trend in recreational water quality over time There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of Very Good.

Very Good	Historical exceedances

4.3 Southern Region

Waipuka Stream
	Waipuka Stream flows out onto Ocean Beach and into the sea. The catchment comprises steep pastoral land with limited vegetation cover. The stream also passes by a small community of baches near its mouth, and often forms a lagoon, which is popular with small children. The mouth of the lagoon periodically closes with sand during summer low flows. Season Summary Waipuka Stream was sampled 20 times this season of which 60% (12/20) were in green mode, 10% (2/20) in amber mode and remaining 30% (6/20) in red mode. Faecal source tracking samples were taken to determine the source (see next page).
Description of recreation value Waipuka Stream forms a small lagoon on Ocean Beach. The area is used by families because it has shallow, constant depth and the water temperature is consistently approximately 3°C warmer than the sea. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated concentrations of bacteria occur after rain events, when surface runoff to the stream from the surrounding catchment increases and potential septic system failures occur. There was a significant trend in the data of 2.2 per annum. This is degradation of water quality over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Very Poor’ (see case study next page).

Very Poor	Historical exceedances

Case Study: Waipuka Stream – Faecal Source Tracking

Waipuka Stream

Waipuka Stream lies at the eastern end of Ocean Beach Road. While the northern end of Ocean Beach is relatively unpopulated, adjacent to the Waipuka Stream are several holiday baches. The catchment for Waipuka Stream and Ocean Beach is predominantly high producing grassland (pastoral farming), with small sections of exotic forest and some of the most extensive sand dune complexes within Hawke’s Bay.

Waipuka Stream has graded consistently ‘Poor’ in terms of its Suitability for Recreation Grade since the grades were first introduced, primarily caused by high faecal indicator bacteria counts. During the 2013/2014 season six exceedances (30% of samples taken during the year) of national guidelines occurred at Waipuka Stream (see previous page), indicating that during these times the risk of recreation within the stream was high. Following these exceedances, and the history of poor water quality for the site, faecal source tracking was undertaken during the 2013/2014 season.

Faecal source tracking was undertaken using faecal sterol and PCR marker analyses. Samples were collected on the 9^th December, 2013 following an E. coli result of 1210 cfu/100mL (action level = 550cfu/100mL), and on the 20^th January, 2014 with an E. coli result of 350 cfu/100mL. Both these exceedances are likely to be caused by periods of high rainfall.

Results of the analyses undertaken on the 9^th December 2013 had a high level of general markers for PCR analysis, meaning a high likelihood that PCR analysis would be successful. This analysis suggested up to 50% of the contamination resulted from ruminant faeces (cattle, deer, goat and sheep), and bird faeces. The faecal sterol analysis indicated a higher proportion of the contamination from wildfowl, with evidence of ruminant contamination also. In general ruminant and wildfowl faeces were considered to be the major source of contamination at this time. A site inspection following the results found large numbers of geese resident upstream of the site.

Results of the analyses undertaken on the 20^th January had a much lower levels of general markers for PCR analysis meaning a low likelihood that PCR analysis would be successful. This can also suggest aged sources of faecal material rather than fresh. No sources were distinguished based on the low levels in this sample. The faecal sterol analysis also failed to detect any animal faecal source, and decaying plant material or kitchen sources were suggested. Due to the low level of indicator bacteria in the concomitant sample (below action level exceedance) no faecal source tracking is recommended for periods when the indicator bacteria levels do not exceed action levels (550 E. coli cfu/100mL or 280 enterococci cfu/100mL).

Further testing is scheduled for the 2014/2015 summer to confirm these sample results.

Figure 4-2: Waipuka Stream 2005

Waimarama Beach
	Waimarama Beach lies to the south of Napier City. Its proximity (approximately 45min drive) makes the area popular for both locals and visitors to the Bay. Waimarama Beach area has a large resident population as well as numerous visitor baches and a campground. Over the summer holiday period the population increases significantly, placing extra pressure on septic systems. The Puhokio Stream discharges into the centre of the beach. Season Summary Waimarama Beach was sampled 20 times this season of which 100% (20/20) were in green mode.
Description of recreation value Waimarama Beach is a sand beach with intact dune systems. There are weekend lifeguard patrols at the southern end of the beach from November through until March. There is an offshore island, Bare Island, which is a common attraction for fisherman and divers. Surfing and other beach sports are common throughout the year. Trend in recreational water quality over time Bacteria levels generally remain within recommended guidelines. Heavy and prolonged periods of rain causes increased surface runoff from the Puhokio catchment. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Good’.

Good	Historical exceedances

Puhokio Stream
	The Puhokio stream passes through Waimarama settlement and discharges into Waimarama Beach approximately halfway along the beach. The catchment is predominantly agricultural. The stream discharges into an estuarine environment, newly shaped by the April 2011 flood. In the past, the stream has shown high levels of faecal contamination, sourced from both agriculture and on-site wastewater treatment system malfunction. Season Summary Puhokio Stream was sampled 10 times (fortnightly) this season of which 60% (6/10) were in green mode, 30% (3/10) in amber mode and the remaining 5% (1/10) in Red mode.
Description of recreation value The warm temperatures and slow flowing lagoon makes it particularly popular with children. The area is also extensively used by walkers. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated levels of bacteria are generally found during all conditions. There was a significant trend in the data indicating an improvement of water quality over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Very Poor’. Further work is recommended to determine the source of faecal contamination (see 7.3)

Very Poor	Historical exceedances

Kairakau Lagoon
	Kairakau Lagoon is a 40 minute drive from Hastings through Elsthorpe. The lagoon is formed at the mouth of the Mangakuri River, which passes through a predominantly pastoral catchment before discharging into the ocean at Kairakau Beach. There is a small local community there of baches and some permanent residents. The Kairakau Beach campground is popular during the summer and is serviced by two public toilets and individual septic systems. There were new toilets built by the camp ground during 2012. Season Summary Kairakau Lagoon was sampled 20 times this season 85% (17/20) of which were in green mode, 15% (3/20) in red mode – two out of three were rainfall related.
Description of recreation value The campground borders the lagoon and is frequently used for fishing, boating and swimming. It is particularly used by children. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated levels of bacteria were observed this season during dry and periods of heavy rainfall. There was a significant but small trend in the data indicating an improvement of water quality over time. Despite this, the SFRG for this site has downgraded this season to ‘Very Poor’. This was based on a manual increase in the Sanitary Inspection Category (SIC) from moderate to high risk, based on sample results from previous years.

Very Poor	Historical exceedances

Kairakau Beach
	Kairakau Beach is a 40 minute drive from Hastings through Elsthorpe. The settlement is located in front of a cliff ridge up to 153 metres high. There are three small rocky islands offshore. The islands: Hinemahanga, Waimatai and Tokaroa are of cultural significance. There is a small settlement of holiday baches with some permanent residents and a camping ground serviced by individual septic tanks. The Kairakau Lagoon discharges at the southern end of the beach. Season Summary Kairakau Beach was sampled 20 times this season 100% (20/20) of which were in green mode based on both single and two-consecutive samples.
Description of recreation value Kairakau beach is a sand beach and has an established fenced vegetated dune. There are multiple designated access points to protect the dune structure and there is a public toilet. The beach is a popular spot for fishing, boating, surfing and diving. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated levels of bacteria were not observed this season. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG has improved this season with a change in the Sanitary Inspection Category (SIC) from low to very low risk, based on sample results from previous years.

Very Good	Historical exceedances

Pourerere Beach
	Pourerere Beach in southern Hawke’s Bay is a popular holiday destination. The community has several holiday homes as well as some permanent residents. The settlement is serviced solely by individual septic tank systems. The catchment is largely pastoral with some cropping. There is a commercial crayfish (Jasus edwardsii) fishing fleet based here. Season Summary Pourerere Beach was sampled 20 times this season 100% (20/20) of samples were in green mode based on both single and two-consecutive samples.
Description of recreation value Pourerere Beach is sand with an extensive dune system and small wetland area. The beach is very popular and supports multiple user groups. The beach is busy during summer months with allocated beach camping. There is a public toilet and changing rooms beside the camping area. Common activities include swimming, surfing, diving and fishing. Trend in recreational water quality over time Bacteria levels at Pourerere Beach have generally remained within guideline values with only a single exceedance during the 2005 programme. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Very Good’.

Very Good	Historical exceedances

Aramoana Beach
	Aramoana Beach is located at the northern boundary of the Te Angiangi marine reserve. The catchment is largely pastoral with some cropping. The coastal community is serviced by individual septic systems, and the subdivision is serviced by a secondary treatment system. The Te Angiangi reserve is increasing in popularity and receives higher numbers of visitors each year. There is an established wetland formed by the Oupoto Stream, running parallel with the beach. There is vehicle beach access and a car park area there. Aramoana Beach is a relatively recent addition to the monitoring programme due to the development of a coastal subdivision. Season Summary Aramoana Beach was sampled 20 times this season 100% (20/20) of which were in green mode based on both single and two-consecutive samples.
Description of recreation value Aramoana Beach is a fine grain sand beach with an intact dune system. There is a sub-tidal reef system that offers diving inside and outside of the reserve. The beach is popular for swimming and fishing along with other beach sports. Trend in recreational water quality over time There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Very Good’.

Very Good	Historical exceedances

Blackhead Beach
	Blackhead Beach is the main access point to the Te Angiangi Marine Reserve, and is popular throughout the summer months. The steep catchment is largely pastoral with a pine plantation. There is vehicle beach access and a car park area there. There is a small settlement with holiday baches and two camping grounds with some permanent residents. Wastewater is managed using individual septic tanks. Season Summary Blackhead Beach was sampled 20 times this season 95% (19/20) of which were green mode and 5% (1/20) in amber mode. The amber mode exceedance followed high rainfall in the catchment. No samples exceeded action level guidelines based on both single and two-consecutive samples.
Description of recreation value Blackhead Beach is a fine grain sand beach with a small dune system. The beach supports a range of activities, including swimming, surfing, diving and fishing. There are also two boat launching areas through a channel. Trend in recreational water quality over time There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Very Good’.

Very Good	Historical exceedances

Porangahau Beach
	Porangahau Beach (Te Paerahi) is located approximately 40 kilometres south east of Waipukurau along SH52. There is a coastal settlement with baches, a campground, golf course and country club. The catchment is largely pastoral with some cropping. There are many permanent residents within the community. The Porangahau Township is serviced by a community sewage treatment system. There are no direct discharges in the vicinity of the beach, the Porangahau River discharges approximately 10 kilometres north along the beach. Season Summary Porangahau Beach was sampled 20 times this season 100% (20/20) of which were in green mode.
Description of recreation value Porangahau Beach is a fine grain sand beach with an extensive dune system. There are also intact wetland areas within the dune system between the coast and the estuary. The beach is popular for swimming, fishing, diving and other recreational activities. Trend in recreational water quality over time There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Very Good’.

Very Good	Historical exceedances

Porangahau Estuary
	The Porangahau Estuary is a high use recreational area during the summer months. The estuary downstream is of national significance and the largest unmodified estuary on the south-east coast of the North Island. The estuary has a mix of sand and mud flats with a shallow intertidal channel. The sample location is on the downstream side of the Beach Rd bridge. The town community wastewater plant’s discharge is upstream at Porangahau township. Season Summary Porangahau Estuary was sampled 20 times this season 90% (18/20) of which were in green mode, 10% (2/20) in red mode. Both red mode exceedances followed high rainfall.
Description of recreation value The immediate area around the sampling site is reserved for swimming. Boats are launched 30 m downstream of the bridge and the jet skiing area starts from there to the sea. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated levels of bacteria are generally found after heavy or prolonged periods of rain, during which large quantities of surface water can drain into the river from the surrounding catchment. A small but significant increase was observed in the bacterial levels in the Porangahau Estuary over time. This indicates a decrease in water quality. The SFRG for this site has remained unchanged this season with a grading of ‘Very Poor’. Further work is recommended to determine the source of faecal contamination (see 7.3).

Very Poor	Historical exceedances

Tukituki River at SH2 Bridge
	The Tukituki River at SH2 site is located in Waipukurau and is a highly valued area for the community. The river in the vicinity of the SH2 bridge is a popular swimming location in the summer. The large catchment drains the Ruataniwha Plains area which is predominantly pastoral agriculture and horticulture. Season Summary The Tukituki River at SH2 was sampled 20 times this season 100% (20/20) were in green mode.
Description of recreation value The Tukituki river is largely made up of greywacke substrate, with cobbles in the riffles and pebbles in the run. There is a rail bridge located at the site with a swimming hole around the pylons. The area is used by swimmers in the summer due to its close proximity to Waipukurau township. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated levels of bacteria are generally found after heavy or prolonged periods of rain causing increased surface runoff. A small but significant increase in bacteria levels over time was observed. This indicates a decrease in water quality at this site. The SFRG for this site has downgraded to ‘Very Poor’ this season with a change in the Sanitary Inspection Category (SIC) from moderate to high risk. Further work is programmed.

Very Poor	Historical exceedances

Tukituki River at Walker Rd
	The Tukituki River at Walker Road site is east of Waipawa, downstream of the confluence of the Tukituki and Waipawa Rivers. This site is downstream of the central Hawke’s Bay sewage discharge. The sampling site was identified for high recreational value in the recreational usage survey (Madarasz-Smith, 2010). This was a new site in 2010/11. Season Summary The Tukituki River at Walker Road was sampled 20 times this season of which 95% (19/20) of samples were in green mode, 5% (1/20) in amber mode.
Description of recreation value The Tukituki at Walker Road is a cobble dominated site. This area is popular with fishermen and also attracts swimmers and walkers during the summer months. Trend in recreational water quality over time Elevated levels of bacteria are generally found after heavy and prolonged periods of rain causing increased surface runoff water to enter the river from the surrounding livestock dominated catchment. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time. The SFRG for this season is an interim grading (<5yrs data) of ‘Follow up’. This conflict arise from the low bacteria levels observed at this site, combined with the high risk profile.

Follow up/Interim	Historical exceedances

5 Shellfish gathering sites

Hawke’s Bay Regional Council also undertakes water quality monitoring at locations favoured for shellfish gathering as part of the Recreational Water Quality Programme. Water at popular shellfish gathering sites (see Figure‑5-1) is monitored for faecal contamination to determine the relative risk to the public from consuming shellfish gathered.

The MfE and MoH guidelines (2003) stipulate that for consumption of shellfish collected from a site to be considered safe two criteria must be met:

§ The proportion of faecal coliform results above 43 cfu/100 mL for the season must not exceed 10%.

§ The median faecal coliform value for the season must not exceed 14 cfu/100 mL.

It is important to note that monitoring for shellfish gathering is based on the water quality of the surrounding waters, not on the shellfish themselves. Additionally, the Ministry for Primary Industries does not recommend collecting shellfish from areas where sewage or storm water is discharged and after heavy rain (www.foodsmart.govt.nz).

There is some concern regarding the relevance of the current guidelines (which are based on export standard water quality) for recreational shellfish gatherers. Additionally, the process for issuing warnings around whether a site complies or fails to comply with guidelines requires assessment of a full season, which is not considered appropriate for safeguarding the health of recreational gatherers. These concerns were addressed in a recent paper to MfE (Bolton-Ritchie et al, 2013). Until such time that these are addressed through a national review, Hawke’s Bay Regional Council will continue to monitor sites in line with the current MfE & MoH, 2003 guidelines.

Figure‑5-1: Shellfish monitoring sites in Hawke's Bay and levels of compliance.

Maungawhio Lagoon

Mangawhio

The Maungawhio Lagoon is located on the northern side of Mahia Peninsula. The estuary is formed by the Kopuawhara Stream. The area is an important habitat for both fish spawning and breeding and for water birds. There is a freedom camping site here, with a public toilet and changing room. The lagoon has been identified as a significant area in Hawke’s Bay’s Regional Coastal Environment Plan (1999).

This site is located on a well-known Pipi (Paphies australis) and Cockle (Austrovenus stutchburyi) bed that receives considerable harvesting pressure throughout the year.

Season summary

The site was sampled 20 times this season and has failed to comply with both criteria for safe shellfish gathering.

Maungawhio Lagoon bacterial source

Elevated bacteria levels generally occur during the holiday period when there is heavy loading on individual septic systems, or during heavy rainfall in the Kopuawhara River catchment or both.

Long term trends

The period analysed included 5 years and 5 months during calendar years 2008 to 2014 and included 113 observations/samples.

There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time using the 95% confidence level.

2013-2014 season summary table
No of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	8
Proportion of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	40%
Median concentration (cfu/100 mL)	22

Season Results

Mahia Beach at the golf club

Mahia beach - golf course

This site is a dedicated shell fish monitoring area, the area falls between Mahia Beach and Opoutama Beach recreational water quality sites.

The site is located on a well-known Tuatua (Paphies subtriangulata) bed that receives considerable fishing pressure during the summer months.

Season summary

The site was sampled 20 times and has passed both guideline criteria this season for safe gathering.

Mahia Beach bacterial source

Elevated bacterial levels generally coincide with the holiday period when sceptic systems are overloaded or during heavy and prolonged rainfall within the Opoutama Stream catchment.

Long term trends

The period analysed included 8 years and 5 months during the for calendar years 2005 to 2014 and included 179 observations/samples.

There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time using the 95% confidence level.

2013-2014 season summary table
No of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	1
Proportion of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	5%
Median concentration (cfu/100 mL)	0.5

Season Results

Te Mahia at boat ramp

Te mahia

Te Mahia is both a recreational monitoring site (Section 4.1) and a shellfish gathering site. The shellfish sample is taken at the boat ramp along with the recreational water sample. Reefs at the mouth of the estuary provide habitat for a range of shell fish.

Season Summary

The site was sampled 20 times this season and has failed to comply with one of the criteria for safe shellfish gathering. The bacterial values this season have also failed on the proportion of samples above 43 Faecal coliform cfu/100 mL.

Te Mahia bacterial source

Elevated levels of bacteria are generally found after prolonged periods of rain causing surface water runoff into the catchment. The catchment is largely pastoral with an area of pine and native forest.

Long term trends

The period analysed included 3 years and 5 months during the calendar years 2010 to 2014 and included 76 observations/samples.

There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time using the 95% confidence level.

2013-2014 season summary table
No of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	5
Proportion of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	25%
Median concentration (cfu/100 mL)	9

Note log₁₀ concentration scale

Season Results

Ahuriri Estuary

The Ahuriri estuary has two sample sites: one is for recreational water quality (Section 4.2) beside the waka ama facility on Pandora Pond. The shellfish monitoring site is on the northern side of the estuary approximately 50 metres upstream of the Pandora road bridge The shellfish bed receives considerable harvesting pressure throughout the year for cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi).

Season Summary

This site was sampled 20 times this season and has passed both guideline criteria, however MoH does not recommend collecting shellfish from areas subject to urban influence.

Ahuriri Estuary bacterial source

Elevated levels of bacteria are generally found after prolonged periods of rain cause increased surface water runoff to enter the Ahuriri catchment.

Long term trends

The period analysed included 8 years and 5 months during the calendar years 2005 to 2014 and included 177 observations/samples.

There has been no significant change in water quality at this site over time using the 95% confidence level.

2013-2014 season summary table
No of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	2
Proportion of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	10%
Median concentration (cfu/100 mL)	3

Season Results

Te Awanga Beach

Te Awanga

Te Awanga is both a recreational monitoring site (Section 4.2) and a shellfish gathering site. The shellfish sample site is adjacent to the mouth of the Maraetotara Lagoon and consists of a sub tidal reef structure that harbours a community of mussels (Perna canaliculus).

Season Summary

The site was sampled 20 times this season and has failed to comply with both guideline criteria for safe shellfish gathering.

Te Awanga bacterial source

Elevated levels of bacteria are generally found after prolonged periods of rain causing increased surface water runoff in the Maraetotara river catchment.

Long term trends

The period analysed included 8 years and 5 months during the calendar years 2005 to 2014 and included 179 observations/samples.

There was a small but significant change in water quality at this site over time using 95% confidence level. This indicated a decline in water quality.

2013-2014 season summary table
No of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	9
Proportion of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	45%
Median concentration (cfu/100 mL)	17

Season Results

Waipatiki Beach

P1010291

Waipatiki Beach is both a recreational monitoring site (Section 4.2) and a shellfish gathering site. The shellfish sampling site is located at the southern end of the beach adjacent to the mouth of the Waipatiki Lagoon (section 4.2) where reefs provide habitat for a range of shellfish.

Season Summary

The site was sampled 20 times this season and has passed both guideline criteria for safe shellfish gathering.

Waipatiki Beach bacterial source

Elevated levels of bacteria are generally found after prolonged periods of rain causing increased surface water runoff into the Waipatiki Stream catchment. The catchment is largely pastoral and serviced by a community land irrigation sewage system.

Long term trends

The period analysed included 8 years and 5 months during the calendar years 2005 to 2014 and included 176 observations/samples.

There was no significant change in water quality at this site over time using 95% confidence level. Note: Axis scale.

2013-2014 season summary table
No of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	0
Proportion of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	0%
Median concentration (cfu/100 mL)	1.25

Season Results

Kairakau Beach

Kairakau beach

Kairakau Beach is both a recreational monitoring site (Section 4.3) and a shellfish gathering site. There are sub-tidal reef structures that border each end of the beach. Shellfish gathering is popular in this area throughout the summer months.

Season Summary

The site was sampled 20 times this season and has failed to comply with one of the criteria for safe shellfish gathering. The bacterial values this season have failed on the proportion of samples above 43 Faecal coliform cfu/100 mL.

Kairakau Beach bacterial source

Elevated levels of bacteria are generally found after prolonged periods of rain causing increased surface water runoff into the Mangakuri River catchment. The catchment is largely pastoral and serviced by individual septic systems.

Long term trends

The period analysed included 8 years and 5 months during the calendar years 2005 to 2014 and included 177 observations/samples.

There was no significant change in water quality at this site over time using the 95% confidence level.

2013-2014 season summary table
No of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	3
Proportion of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	15%
Median concentration (cfu/100 mL)	0.5

Season Results

Porangahau Estuary

Porangahau river

Porangahau River is both a recreational monitoring site (Section 4.3) and a shellfish gathering site. The sample location is on the downstream side of the Beach Rd bridge. The estuary downstream is of national significance.

There are several beds of cockles (Austrovenus stutchburyi) in the estuary which are harvested throughout the year.

Season Summary

The site was sampled 20 times this season and has failed to comply with both criteria for safe shellfish gathering.

Porangahau Estuary bacterial source

Elevated levels of bacteria are generally found after prolonged periods of rain causing increased surface water runoff into the Porangahau River catchment.

Long term trends

The period analysed included 5 years and 5 months during the calendar years 2008 to 2014 and included 56 observations/samples.

There was a significant change in water quality at this site over time using the 95% confidence level indicating a decline in water quality.

2013-2014 season summary table
No of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	11
Proportion of samples where concentration exceeded 43 cfu/100 mL	55%
Median concentration (cfu/100 mL)	45

Season Results

6 Conclusions

6.1 Contact Recreational Use

6.1.1 Marine sites

Water quality in the coastal environment throughout Hawke’s Bay is generally of a high standard, supporting recreational usage and values. A total of 98% of samples collected at marine sites were in the ‘Green’ mode. All beaches had performed above the two consecutive guideline value exceedance criteria except for Opoutama beach in Mahia, which failed this test.

6.1.2 Fresh water and estuarine sites

The freshwater and estuarine sites also generally had good water quality, but were affected by rainfall. A total of 94% of samples were in ‘Green’ mode. This is an increase in compliance of 7% on last season’s results. With four exceptions (Esk River, Maungawhio Lagoon, Te Mahia and Waipuka stream), the water quality at all re-sampled sites had returned to ‘Green’ mode within 24 hours.

In general, water quality at freshwater sites may be more heavily influenced by direct land-use and discharges than marine waters. Estuarine/Lagoon areas form the receiving environment for the entire freshwater drainage network, and slow-flowing, warmer waters can generally harbour consistently higher numbers of bacteria than both their freshwater and marine counterparts.

[1] Vegetative strains of enterococci include those that are found in the absence of faecal sources (have environmental sources) e.g. Klebsiella which can also be found in a variety of plant hosts.

Westshore Beach
	Westshore Beach is located to the north of Napier City, and is popular with both locals and holidaymakers. A patrolled surf lifesaving club adds to the appeal of the beach. There are several stormwater discharges into the marine area near the beach, but these do not appear to affect the water quality at this site. Season Summary Westshore Beach was sampled 20 times this season 100% (20/20) of which were in green mode.
Description of recreation value Westshore Beach has a surf club with a flagged area maintained throughout the summer. There is a reserve adjacent to the beach with a children’s playground. Trend in recreational water quality over time Generally bacteria levels are good and seldom exceed guideline levels. There has been no significant change in water quality at this site. The SFRG was downgraded this season to ‘Good’ to reflect the urban nature of the site. This was a manual downgrade to better distinguish between remote and urban locations, as urban locations can be influenced more readily by stormwater outfalls.

Good	Historical Exceedances

SFRG	Sites	Comments
Very Good	Aramoana Beach Blackhead Beach Kairakau Beach Ocean Beach Porangahau Beach Pourerere Beach	Generally large open coastal beaches of southern Hawke’s Bay with high flushing and dilution.
Good	Hardinge Rd Beach Mahanga Beach Marine Parade Waimarama Beach Waipatiki Beach Westshore Beach	Generally urban beaches or beaches with settlements or freshwater inputs.
Fair	Mahia Beach Te Mahia Beach/Estuary Te Awanga Beach Pandora Pond Esk River Ngaruroro River Tutaekuri River	More work required to understand why these beaches do not have higher gradings. More work programmed through the TANK Plan Change process to determine sources of faecal contamination. Fair grade reflects susceptibility to rainfall related contamination.
Poor	Maraetotara Lagoon Opoutama Beach Tukituki River at Blackbridge Tukituki River at SH2	Generally depositional, coastal lagoons with limited flushing and warmer temperatures. Initial testing results indicate land-use sources, more work required to confirm these results. Work programmed to confirm source of faecal contamination. Plan Change in process to address suspected sources.
Very Poor	Clive River Wairoa River Kairakau Lagoon Maungawhio Lagoon Porangahau Estuary Waipatiki Lagoon Waipuka Stream Puhokio Lagoon Lake Tutira	More work required to determine main source of faecal contamination. Faecal source work has highlighted waterfowl sources, working with land management. Manually altered SFRG due to unpredictable cyanobacterial blooms and duck itch.
Follow-up	Tukituki River at Walker Rd	Low E. coli levels conflict with high risk identified potential upstream sources.

Site	Significant statistical trend observed?	Change in SFRG observed?	Significance
Kairakau Beach	No	Improvement	A manual change to the catchment risk assessment better reflects the exposed and remote nature of this site compared to more urban beaches.
Kairakau Lagoon	Improvement	Decline	A manual increase was made to the catchment risk assessment to better reflect risk. This site has actually seen an improvement in water quality but is still considered to be a high risk catchment.
Mahanga Beach	No	Improvement	A change in the MAC grade indicates an improvement in the water quality category based on the 95^th%ile, but no accompanying statistically significant trend was observed.
Maungawhio Lagoon	No	Decline	A change in the MAC grade indicates a decline in the water quality category based on the 95^th%ile decline in the water quality category, but no accompanying statistically significant trend was observed.
Opoutama Beach	No	Decline	A change in the MAC grade indicates a decline in the water quality category based on the 95^th%ile, but no accompanying statistically significant trend was observed. Also manually altered catchment risk assessment to better reflect risk.
Porangahau Estuary	Decline	No	General decline in water quality over time.
Puhokio Stream	Improvement	No	General improvement in water quality over time.
Te Mahia Estuary	Improvement	Improvement	A change in the MAC grade indicates an improvement in the water quality category based on the 95^th%ile decline in the water quality category with an accompanying statistically significant trend observed
Tukituki at Blackbridge	No	Decline	A change in the MAC grade indicates a decline in the water quality category based on the 95^th%ile, but no accompanying statistically significant trend was observed. A manual increase was made to the catchment risk assessment to better reflect risk
Tukituki at SH2 Bridge	Decline	No	General decline in water quality over time.
Waipatiki Lagoon	Improvement	No	General improvement in water quality over time.
Waipuka Stream	Decline	No	General decline in water quality over time.
Wairoa River	No	Decline	A manual increase was made to the catchment risk assessment to better reflect risk
Westshore Beach	No	Decline	A manual increase to the catchment risk assessment better reflect the urban nature of this beach.